![]() ![]() We contributed to the long-standing debate on their origin and attempted to investigate the modern geomorphological processes operating on rauks using novel approaches in rock coast studies, including Schmidt hammer rock tests (SHRT)-to characterize zonation in the degree of coastal landforms weathering traversing micro-erosion meters (TMEM)-to calculate shore platform downwearing rates and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to monitor coastal abrasion and detect sea-level markers (notches) and describe their size and shapes. Those unique limestone sea stacks are preserved along the coasts of a number of Swedish islands, with Gotland and Fårö as primary locations. In this article, we explore the potential for sea-level change and rocky coastal evolution reconstruction hidden in one of the most intriguing rocky coastal landforms in the Baltic Sea region-rauks. 3John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska, Biala Podlaska, Poland.2Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Torun, Poland.1Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.Strzelecki 1* Filip Duszyński 1 Sebastian Tyszkowski 2 Łukasz Zbucki 3 The stack is undercut at the base until it collapses to form a stump.This leaves a stack (an isolated column of rock). The base of the arch continually becomes wider through further erosion, until its roof becomes too heavy and collapses into the sea.The cave becomes larger and eventually breaks through the headland to form an arch.As the waves continue to grind away at the crack, it begins to open up to form a cave.Cracks are widened in the headland through the erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion.The cliff continues to retreat.Ĭaves, arches, stacks and stumps are erosional features that are commonly found on a headland. The backwash carries away the eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platform.As the notch increases in size, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses, leading to the retreat of the cliff face.A wave-cut notch is formed by erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action - this is a dent in the cliff usually at the level of high tide.The sea attacks the base of the cliff between the high and low water mark.A wave-cut platform is a wide gently-sloping surface found at the foot of a cliff.Ī wave-cut platform is formed when the following occurs: Soft rock erodes quickly and forms gentle sloping cliffs, whereas hard rock is more resistant and forms steep cliffs. Cliffs and wave-cut platformsĬliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. Bays are more sheltered with constructive waves which deposit sediment to form a beach. ![]() Įrosional features such as wave-cut platforms and cliffs can be found on headlands, since they are more open to the waves. When the softer rock is eroded inwards, the hard rock sticks out into the sea, forming a headland. Hard rock such as chalk is more resistant to the processes of erosion. A bay is an inlet of the sea where the land curves inwards, usually with a beach. When a stretch of coastline is formed from different types of rock, headlands and bays can form.īands of soft rock such as clay and sand are weaker therefore they can be eroded quickly. Headlands and baysĬliffs along the coastline do not erode at the same pace. The process of erosion can create different landforms along the coastline. ![]()
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